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No 1. Gardeners and homeowners might sometimes need to add nitrogen to their gardens and lawns to provide just the right food for their plants.
No 2. The amount used typically depends on plant and seed instruction as well as on the other sources of nitrogen, such as manure, already applied to the soil.
No 3. While addition of nitrogen to the lawn and garden may be necessary, homeowners often use more than what is recommended, and overtime this excess nitrogen pollutes water and air.
No 4. Nitrogen at higher levels causes a loss of certain plant species, depletion of soil nutrients, death of fish and aquatic organisms, and contamination of drinking water.
No 5. Though nitrogen serves to aid plants in their growth, weeds and non-native grasses tend to grow more readily with additional nitrogen supplies.
No 6. Other plants that have lower nitrogen needs end up dying, causing a decline in native species, according to the Ecological Society of America (ESA).
No 7. In California, for example, it is reported that too much nitrogen encourages the growth of non-native grasses and kill off lichens on trees.
No 8. In the coastal areas of the western United States, soils have higher levels of nitrogen, which feed non-native grasses.
No 9. The shift in plant species increases the chances of wild fires because the new grasses are flammable.
No 10. In the soil, too much nitrogen also creates imbalance of nutrients that cause a depletion of other important minerals such as calcium, phosphorous, and magnesium.
No 11. While fertilizer overuse causes this change, nitrogen-polluted air, caused by nitrates from automobiles and industrial plants, also results in acidification of the soil when acid rain falls.
No 12. When nitrogen abundance reduces important minerals, toxic elements such as aluminium can proliferate and harm plants as well as fish in river.
No 13. When nitrogen levels in rivers and streams increase, they aid in algae overgrowth.
No 14. As algae dies and decomposes, organic matter in the water increases.
No 15. This process uses up oxygen, causing levels to drop.
No 16. Without the oxygen, fish, crabs, and other aquatic life die.
No 17. In the San Francisco Bay Delta, for example, blue green algae blooms occur in numbers during the warmer months, especially when the conditions such as increased nitrogen occur.
No 18. Researchers at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution say these algae blooms, which can appear in different colours, produce toxins that can be harmful.
No 19. A soluble substance, nitrogen soaks deeply into the soil after a rainstorm or after irrigation, reaching ground water and nearby wells.
No 20. When babies under one year of age and elder people ingest water with high nitrogen level, they can develop symptoms such as gastrointestinal swelling and irritation, diarrhoea, and protein digestion problem, according to Nebraska Lincoln Extension.
No 21. Because nitrogen is odourless and colourless, only testing can determine whether contamination has occurred.
No 22. Infections with Ebola virus are acute.
No 23. There is no carrier state.
No 24. Because the natural reservoir of the virus is unknown, the manner in which the virus first appears in human at the start of an outbreak has not been determined.
No 25. However, researchers have hypothesized that the first patient becomes infected through contact with an infected animal.
No 26. After the first case-patient in an outbreak setting is infected, the virus can be transmitted in several ways.
No 27. People can be exposed to Ebola virus from direct with the blood and / or secretions of an infected person.
No 28. Thus the virus is often spread through families and friend because they come in close contact with objects, such as needles, that have been contaminated with infected secretions.
No 29. Nosocomial transmission refers to the spread of a disease within a healthcare setting, such as clinic or hospital.
No 30. It occurs frequently during Ebola HF outbreaks.
No 31. It includes both types of transmissions described above.
No 32. In African health-care facilities, patients are often taken care of without the use of a mask, gown, or gloves.
No 33. Exposure to the virus has occurred when health care workers treated individuals with Ebola HF without wearing these types of protective clothing.
No 34. In addition, when needles or syringes are used, they may not be of the disposable type, may not have been sterilized, but only rinsed before reinsertion into multiuse vials of medicine.
No 35. The polar bear is a very big white bear.
No 36. We call it the polar bear because it lives inside the Arctic Circle near the North Pole.
No 37. There are no polar bears at the South Pole.
No 38. The polar bears live at the North pole.
No 39. There is only snow, ice, and water.
No 40. There is not any land.
No 41. These bears are three meters long, and weight 450 kilos.
No 42. They can stand up on their back legs because they have very wide feed.
No 43. They can use their front legs like arms.
No 44. The Polar bears can swim very well.
No 45. They can swim 120 kilometres out into the water.
No 46. They catch fish and sea animals for food.
No 47. They go into the sea when they are afraid.
No 48. People like to kill the polar bears for their beautiful white coats.
No 49. The governments of Canada, the united states and Russia say that no one can kill polar bears now.
No 50. They do not want all of these beautiful animals to die.
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No 51. Continued progress in advanced technology is not necessary.
No 52. Already the technical progress has caused severe pollution in the air and in the water.
No 53. Although the technical progress in previous years has been helpful, recent technology has significantly increased pollution.
No 54. Another reason to stop technical progress is that many inventions which were developed for good causes are now found to have serious side effects.
No 55. For example, pesticide put inside particle boards to prevent termites is found to be toxic to human.
No 56. Technology doesn’t always bring good effects; for example, computers do much work faster than man, but then man loses his job to the machine.
No 57. Because no man can guarantee that technology will have only good effects and will be used only for the benefit of man, we should delay the continued development of technology.
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No 58. Vaccines are prepared from harmful viruses or bacteria and administered to patients to provide immunity to specific diseases.
No 59. The various types of vaccines are classified according to the method by which they are derived.
No 60. The most basic class of vaccines actually contains diseases-causing microorganisms that have been killed with a solution containing formaldehyde.
No 61. In this type of vaccine, the microorganisms are dead and therefore cannot cause disease; however, the antigens found in or on the microorganisms can still stimulate the formation of antibodies.
No 62. Examples of this type of vaccine are the ones that fight influenza, typhoid fever, and cholera.
No 63. A second type of vaccine contains toxins produced by microorganisms rather than by the bacteria themselves.
No 64. This type of vaccine is prepared when microorganism itself does little damage but the toxin within the microorganism is extremely harmful.
No 65. For example, the bacteria that cause diphtheria can thrive in the throat without much harm, but when the toxins are released, muscles can become paralyzed and death can ensue.
No 66. A final type of vaccine contains living microorganisms that have been rendered harmless.
No 67. With this type of vaccine, a large number of antigen molecules are produced and immunity that results is generally longer lasting than the immunity from other types of vaccines.
No 68. The Sabin oral anti polio vaccine and BCG vaccine against tuberculosis are examples of this type of vaccine.
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No 69. Contagious diseases are diseases which are passed from person to person.
No 70. They can be passed by direct contact or by bacteria in the air.
No 71. Some diseases are very dangerous and these can spread quickly, causing sickness and sometimes death.
No 72. In the 14th century in Europe, a contagious disease called “bubonic plague” or ‘black death’ killed millions of people.
No 73. No one knew how it spread and they could not stop it.
No 74. Today, a contagious disease like bubonic plague can be stopped by modern medicine, but at the time, nobody understood how diseases were spread or what caused them.
No 75. Even this century there have been outbreaks of serious contagious diseases such as typhoid, yellow fever and cholera.
No 76. Doctors and scientist have studied these diseases.
No 77. They can prevent them if medicine is available.
No 78. Unfortunately, many countries are crowded and disease spreads quickly.
No 79. When this happens, this is called an ‘epidemic’.
No 80. Even today doctors and modern medicine sometimes cannot stop epidemics until many people have already died.
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No 130. The evolution of intelligence among early large mammals of the grasslands was due in great measure to the interaction between two ecologically synchronized groups of these animals, the hunting carnivores and the herbivores that they hunted.
No 131. The interaction resulting from the differences between predator and prey led to a general improvement in brain functions; however, certain components of intelligence were improved far more than others.
No 132. The kind of intelligence favored by the interplay of increasingly smarter catchers and increasingly keener escapers is defined by attention—that aspect of mind carrying consciousness forward from one moment to the next.
No 133. It ranges from a passive, free-floating awareness to a highly focused, active fixation.
No 134. The range through these states is mediated by the arousal system, a network of tracts converging from sensory systems to integrating centers in the brain stem.
No 135. From the more relaxed to the more vigorous levels, sensitivity to novelty is increased.
No 136. The organism is more awake, more vigilant; this increased vigilance results in the apprehension of ever more subtle signals as the organism becomes more sensitive to its surroundings.
No 137. The processes of arousal and concentration give attention its direction.
No 138. Arousal is at first general, with a flooding of impulses in the brain stem; then gradually the activation is channeled.
No 139. Thus begins concentration, the holding of consistent images.
No 140. One meaning of intelligence is the way in which these images and other alertly searched information are used in the context of previous experience.
No 141. Consciousness links past attention to the present and permits the integration of details with perceived ends and purposes.
No 142. The elements of intelligence and consciousness come together marvelously to produce different styles in predator and prey.
No 143. Herbivores and carnivores develop different kinds of attention related to escaping or chasing.
No 144. Although in both kinds of animal, arousal stimulates the production of adrenaline and norepinephrine by the adrenal glands, the effect in herbivores is primarily fear, whereas in carnivores the effect is primarily aggression.
No 145. For both, arousal attunes the animal to what is ahead.
No 146. Perhaps it does not experience forethought as we know it, but the animal does experience something like it.
No 147. The predator is searchlingly aggressive, inner-directed, tuned by the nervous system and the adrenal hormones, but aware in a sense closer to human consciousness than, say, a hungry lizard’s instinctive snap at a passing beetle.
No 148. Using past events as a framework, the large mammal predator is working out a relationship between movement and food, sensitive to possibilities—in cold trails and distant sounds—and yesterday’s unforgotten lessons.
No 149. The herbivore prey is of a different mind.
No 150. Its mood of wariness rather than searching and its attitude of general expectancy instead of anticipating are silk-thin veils of tranquility over an explosive endocrine system.
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No 150. The green movement is catching on in many pockets of the world.
No 151. This is especially true in the construction industry.
No 152. Today’s buzz words, which include global warming and zero emissions, are causing everyday people to look for ways to reduce their carbon footprint.
No 153. Purchasing environmentally-friendly property is a good investment for those who are concerned about their own health and the well-being of the earth, based on this trend’ entire districts, known as eco-communities, are being designed with green initiatives in mind.
No 154. Dockside Green in Victoria, British Columbia, Canada is one of these communities.
No 155. Its goal is to become the world’s first zero-emissions neighborhood.
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No 156. Builders of Dockside Green have the environment in mind with every choice they make.
No 157. They ensure proper ventilation, and guarantee residents 100% fresh indoor air.
No 158. Interior and exterior building materials, such as paints and wood, are natural and non-toxic.
No 159. Eco-conscious builders use bamboo wherever possible because it is durable and does not require pesticides to grow.
No 160. Energy efficiency is one of the top priorities in eco-communities, such as Dockside Green.
No 161. Not only do energy-efficient appliances and light fixtures reduce the environmental impact of heating and hot water, they also save residents and business owners money.
No 162. Dockside Green claims that home owners will use 55% less energy than average residents in Canada.
No 163. Though they are sharing space by investing in condo-style living, residents will have individual utility metres.
No 164. Studies show that people use approximately 20% less energy when they are billed for exactly what they use.
No 165. In addition, water is treated in Dockside Green and reused on site for flushing toilets.
No 166. Planners of eco-communities such as Dockside Green must take the future into account.
No 167. Dockside Green will reuse 90% of its construction waste.
No 168. They also plan to continue using local suppliers for all of their transport and maintenance needs.
No 169. This is a great way to reduce emissions.
No 170. Dockside residents will be encouraged to make use of mini transit system and buy into the community’s shared program.
No 171. Finally, plans are in the works for high-tech heating system that will use renewable biomass instead of fossil fuels.
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No 172. Panic attack is a sudden feeling of terror.
No 173. Usually, it does not last long, but it may feel like forever.
No 174. The cause can be something as normal as driving over a bridge or flying in an airplane.
No 175. It can happen if the person has driven over many bridges or flown many times before.
No 176. The signs of panic disorder include a fast heartbeat, sweaty hands, difficulty breathing, and a lightheaded feeling.
No 177. At first a person may have no idea what is wrong.
No 178. The first appearance usually between the ages of eighteen and twenty four.
No 179. In some case it develops after a tragedy.
No 180. For example, the death of a loved one or some other difficult situation.
No 181. In the United States, the National Institute of Mental Health says more than two million people are affected in any one-year period.
No 182. The American Psychological Association says that it happens more to women than men.
No 183. It can last anywhere from a few months to a lifetime.
No 184. Some people who suffer a panic attack develop a phobia, a deep fear of ever repeating the activity that brought the attack.
No 185. But experts say panic disorder can be treated.
No 186. Doctors might suggest anti-anxiety or antidepressant medicines.
No 187. Talking to a counsellor could help a person learn to deal with or avoid a panic attack.
No 188. There are breathing methods, for example, that might help a person calm down.
No 189. Panic disorder is included among what mental health professionals call anxiety disorders.
No 190. A study published last week reported a link between anxiety disorders and several physical diseases.
No 191. It says these include thyroid disease, lung and stomach problems, arthritis, migraine headaches, and allergic conditions.
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No 192. The application, games, and websites that are promoted as ‘educational’ are not always the best ones for supporting learning.
No 193. The fact that they are interactive does not necessarily mean that they are much better than old-fashioned workbook with its right and wrong answers.
No 194. Children may enjoy these products for a while but then get bit bored.
No 195. Thus, they are not the most appropriate or engaging way to learn.
No 196. Treat so-called ‘free’ application with caution, some will expose your children to advertisements.
No 197. Others are designed to wait until your child is engaged in a game or storyline and then demand payment before they can go any further.
No 198. This can lead to frustration as young children do not understand why they cannot continue.
No 199. Sometimes it is better to make a small payment in advance if the application promises no further purchases.
No 200. However, some applications are free to download and completely free of advertisements or in-app purchases.
No 201. Choosing an app needs the same kind of thought and care you would put into buying anything else for your child.
No 202. Do not rely on only the star rating.
No 203. Instead, read the user reviews and the privacy policy if you are worried about the personal information that the app might be collecting.
No 204. If you want your child to enjoy learning, develop curiosity, think about things creatively, provide them with range of games and apps.
No 205. Open-ended games have become progressively more challenging and encourage children to explore and have fun.
No 206. They are, therefore, more likely to establish a love of learning and to lay the foundation for their future development.
No 207. Physical activity, reading, and other more ‘traditional’ activities continue to play a very important part in children’s development.
No 208. But, most parents do rely on screen devices from time to time to engage their child while they are busy with something else.
No 209. This is not a problem in itself, just as long as children’s time is made up of a balanced range of activities.